Tabatatabei-Yadzi - Ferdowsi University (Mashhad), Faculty of Engineering, Mashhad, IRAN, ۹۱۷۷۵.
Lachs - The University of New South Wales, School of Electrical Engineering, Sydney, NSW, AUSTRALIA, ۲۰۵۲

The hour by hour changes of demand cannot be accurately forecast as consumers are free to switch appliances at any instant. The greatest uncertainty is posed by the peak periods even though they are of short duration and only use a small proportion of daily energy consumption. Sufficient amounts of Energy Storage could curtail daily peak demand changes so that the more predictable daily energy forecast should ultimately replace the uncertain demand forecasts. Not only would it then eliminate peaking generation and simplify generator scheduling but it would also permit a single daily tariff rather than the more involved tariffs, such a time-of-use, which complicate accounting and confuse domestic consumers and so also simplify financial planning commitments. By curtailing the peak demands, filling the load troughs and eliminating the need for spinning reserve, thermal generators would maintain steady and efficient outputs, so reducing their emissions. Energy storage would also lower the forecast annual peak demand which is the basis of power system development and thereby limit the need for expenditures to augment the power system's network and its generation. The Elect ricity Supply Industry incurs further capital and operating expenditures to ensure reliability and security of operation, based on the projected growth of annual peak demand. By curtailing the uncertainties associated with daily peak demands, the cost of Energy Storage would be more than offset by the savings in capital and operational expenditures as well as gaining an enhanced reliability of supply and lower power station emissions.

Battery Energy Storage System, Inverters, Back-up Supply, Cost Benefits, Curtailing Peak Demands, Reliability, Security, Electric Vehicles, Competitive Electricity Market