Cell Therapy in Internal Medicine

Regenerative medicine, the most recent and emerging branch of medical science, deals with functional restoration of tissues or organs for the patients suffering from severe injuries or chronic disease. Stem cell‐based therapies are a branch of regenerative medicine field. Self-renewal properties and potential to differentiate into other types of cells represent stem cells as frontiers of regenerative medicine and a promising approach to the treatment of disease which cannot be cured by conventional medicines. Multiple cell types can be utilized in cell-based therapies, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), Tissue specific progenitor stem cells (TSPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), umbilical cord stem cells (UCSCs), bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). MSCs have shown great potential in the field of regenerative medicine, mainly because they are easy to isolate and expand, possess immunomodulation capacities as well as anti-apoptotic and anti‐oxidative effects, without any risk of teratoma. The current state of cell therapies designed for the prominent disorders, including hematological diseases, graft versus host disease, organ transplantation, cardiovascular, neurological (Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord injury), autoimmune (Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease), ophthalmologic, renal, liver, lung and skeletal (osteoarthritis) diseases. Cell based research has demonstrated exciting therapeutic effects in the field of internal medicine. cell therapy can be an ideal candidate for the treatment of many of the internal disease such as T2DM, gastrointestinal, lung, kidney, and thyroid disease, irreversible with existing therapeutic strategies. MSC has demonstrated exciting therapeutic effects in T2DM glycemic control both in vivo and in vitro. MSCs therapy modulate proliferation, activation, and effector function of all immune cells that play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory lung diseases, and inflammatory bowel disease. MSC-based therapy has been studied in patients who received kidney transplants, with the aim of controlling the host immune-response towards the graft and minimizing immunosuppression, possibly leading to transplant tolerance. Various clinical trials have confirmed the safety and tolerability of stem cells, and in particular of MSC-based therapies, in different disease. However, identifying the optimal cellular sources, best administration route and correct dosing for each disease are challenges that remain unclear.