Productivity change of units: a review and some developments of Malmquist productivity index

In recent years, analyzing and improving productivity has been one of the main goals of researchers. For this reason, this paper reviews some of available articles in order to present the indexes that can be used for examining productivity changes of units between two time periods, when the costs and/or prices of inputs and/or outputs are known and presents some developments.

کلیدواژه ها:

Data Envelopment Analysis ، cost efficiency ، profit efficiency ، Malmquist productivity index ، Circularity