Pencil lead electrode modified with graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles as a novel sensor for the determination of tramadol in biological samples

Tramadol hydrochloride is a synthetic, centrally acting, analgesic agent, used for the relief of moderate to chronic pain and has no clinically relevant cardiovascular or respiratory depressantactivity. Furthermore, it does not have a prostaglandin inhibitory effect [1]. The dosage oftramadol should be adjusted to the intensity of pain and to the response of an individual patient (its therapeutic plasma concentration is in the range of 100–300 ng L−1) [2]. Several analyticalmethods described for the determination of tramadol in biological and pharmaceutical samplesinvolve a number of high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC), electrochemical, spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods [3]. In the present study, electrochemical behavior of tramadol a pencil lead electrode modified with graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles is studied. Some thermodynamic and kinetic parametersusing voltammetric and chronoamperometric methods were determined. The ability of this modified electrode for the determination of tramadol at trace amounts using differential puls voltammetry as a sensitive electrochemical technique was investigated. Finally developed sensor successfully used for the determination of tramadol in biological samples.

کلیدواژه ها:

Tramadol ، Graphene oxide ، Gold nanoparticles ، Pencil lead electrode