The Association of Caffeine Consumption and Depressive Symptoms in US Adults: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Background and Aim: Depression, a chronic and recurring disease, is a major public health problem. The Objective of this study was to examine the association between caffeine consumption and depression. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used data from the 2005–06 National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES). A total of 4737 individuals aged ≥18 years that answered the caffeine intake and depression questionnaires were selected for this study. Depression was assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) with total score between 0 and 27. Those with PHQ-9 total scores ≥10 were considered as clinically relevant depressed. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS version 18. In preliminary analyses, we used Student s t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine statistical differences in daily average caffeine consumption and PHQ-9 score across strata of categorical characteristics. Also Pearson’s correlations coefficient was applied to examine the association of continues variables with caffeine consumption and PHQ-9 score. After preliminary analyses, to investigate the association of caffeine intake and depression multiple linear regression was used in different models. All of the reported P values were two-tailed, and the statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: The weighted overall prevalence of depression was %5.5 (4.3% in men and 6.6% in women). There was a significant association between caffeine intake and depression score in crude model ( Beta= .0.03 , P = 0.04), model 1 (adjusted for age, sex, Family PIR, BMI, Race/Ethnicity, Education level, Marital Status), ( Beta=0.05, P =0.001), Model 2 ( adjusted for Model 1 plus history of disease, thyroid problem, physical activity, Hemoglobin), ( Beta=0.04, P =0.002), and Model 3 ( adjusted for Model 2 plus Vitamin D, Energy, Dietary fiber, Total fat, Vitamin B6, Total folate, Vitamin B12, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Alcohol) ( Beta=0.04 , P = 0.04). In subgroup analysis there was a significant association in men (Beta=0.058, P =.014) but not in women (Beta=0.036, P =.122).Conclusion: There was significant association between caffeine consumption and depression score in men but not in women.

کلیدواژه ها:

depression ، caffeine consumption ، NHANES ، adults