A pricing model based on quantity discount in a multi-echelon closed-loop supply chain with different production technologies

In this paper, a novel multi-echelon closed-loop location-allocation-inventory problem (MCLIP) is addressed that optimizes strategic and tactical decisions, simultaneously. In order to represent the purchasing cost of raw material from the supplier, a pricing model under quantity discounts is applied in the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). Furthermore, environmental impacts of different production technologies at manufacturing centers are investigated which can be identified by calculating the total costs of the proposed model. Considering the capability of returning the reworked products to the forward logistics that can affect the ordering patterns of distribution centers (DCs) is another significant difference of this study from similar related researches. The proposed problem is formulated based on a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP). In the following, the computational results and sensitivity analyses are presented using GAMS software to reveal the applicability of the proposed model and the results are analyzed in depth to provide some managerial insights.

کلیدواژه ها:

Closed-loop supply chain ، Location-allocation-inventory ، Price discount ، Production technology ، Returned products