MicroRNA-based therapies: Small biomarkers with big clinical application

Recent works have discovered, several microRNAs have now opened up new start in the field of medicine for new targets for further therapeutic approaches and prognostic options. The task now is to develop safe and effective tools that can deliver therapeutic genes into specific cell lines and maintain long-term regulated expression of target genes. There is growing evidence some miRNA may promote tumorigenesis and development of cancers and appear as an oncomir. MiRNAs can be roughly divided into two groups: tumor suppressor and oncogenic miRNAs. Various microRNAs can contribute to creating a suitable tissue microenvironment into a variety of cell types for bioengineered implants in patients. MicroRNAs have been demonstrated in different genomic locations: intergenic miRNA genes, intronic miRNAs, within both protein coding genes and long non-coding RNAs, and exonic miRNAs. MicroRNAs can increase the proliferation, angiogenesis and cell survival via different molecular targets. Selected miRNAs can release growth factors, drugs and cytokines into different cells and tissue. MiRNAs are stable and present in blood circulation and rapidly growing number of reports of these molecules as biomarkers for various diseases. Approaches of miRNA-based tissue regeneration therapies including: wound healing, decreasing collagen accumulation and reducing fibrosis.MiRNAs are stable and levels of specific miRNAs can be regulated by different strategies such as i) delivery of synthetic oligonucleotides miRNA and ii) overexpression of miRNAs transcripts to up regulate or down regulate their activity in target cells.There are several methods for delivery of miRNAs and anti-miRs into target cells and tissues:1) direction injection systemic or subcutaneous injection of miRNAs by direction injection; 2) different viral vectors (AAV, Retrovirus, Lentivirus, Baculovirus); 3) chemically modified miRNAs (decoy-based strategies and sponges); 4) non-viral carriers (Cells as carriers, Liposomes, Cationic liposomes, Natural and synthetic polymers, hydrogels and nanoparticles). These are attractive tools for local release of growth factors and resistant to nucleases. Therefore miRNA-based therapies will help to overcome some of the limitations intrinsic to the extracellular environment to attain the desired therapeutic efficacy into the target tissue type. As a result, attention has increasingly turned to the role of individual tumor biomarkers, to use those biomarkers for development of personalized medicine and treatment strategies.

کلیدواژه ها:

MicroRNA ، Therapy ، Clinical application