The Speech and Language Defects in Parkinson Disorder

disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of central nervous system that causes partial or full loss in motor reflexes, speech, behavior, mental processing, and other vital functions. People with Parkinsonism suffer from speech impairments like dysphonia (defective use of the voice), hypophonia (reduced volume), monotone (reduced pitch range), and dysarthia (difficulty with articulation of sounds orsyllables). Diagnosis and treatment of PD at early stage is important issue in speech and language pathology. We conducted a search in PMC, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, SID, Google Scholar and Ovid databases. The present information is available reviewing the articles from 1996 to 2019 through the search of the resources. speech and language problems occurs in about 90 percent of PD patients. The disorder impairs the expression and reception of language as well as reading and writing. Therefore, parkinsonian speech is characterized by respiratory and laryngeal problems such as lower fundamental frequency, monopitch and monoloudness, resonance imbalance, honoasthenia and lack of articulatory integrity. They have dysphagia signs include delayed oral transit time, festinated tonguemovement, uncontrolled bolus with premature loss to the pharynx, piecemeal deglutition, reduced movement of the hyolaryngeal complex, pharynx, tongue base, and epiglottis, esophageal motility and reflux issues. Parkinsonism assessments is generally based on fourcriteria of expression and comprehension, repetition and naming ability. Speech therapy is among one of the most important rehabilitation treatments for PD