z Zaghari - Department of Biology, Islamic Azad university Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
f Lotfi - Department of Biology, Islamic Azad university Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
p Yaghmaei - Department of Nanotechnology, Materials and Energy Research Centre, Karaj, Iran.
m Rezaeighavamabad - Department of Nanotechnology,Farzanegan۲ high school, Karaj,Iran.

The most promising approaches aim at establishing a direct connection with either the central or the peripheral human nervous system by means of invasive or non-invasive neural interfaces. Nanoparticles (size in nanometer range) provide a new mode of Neuroplasticity.This paper starts from the assumption that a major contribution to derive functional and technical specifications for such interfaces, and even for the whole prosthetic system, can stem from in-depth analysis of the nervous system reorganization following limb amputation. Neuroplasticity can be modulated by the use of hand prostheses both in the acute phase and in the long-term. We hereby critically review the literature concerning neuroplastic phenomena in amputees, in terms of changes at different CNS levels, particularly for their implications on the development of bidirectional neural interfaces for cybernetic hand prostheses. Topical delivery by nanocarriers exerting disease-modifying action on neurodegenerative and other neurological disorders will be of special interest. All kinds of nanocarrier formulations that may show neuroprotective activity, recovery from oxidative stress and ischemic injury as well as slow down and prevent neurodegeneration, will be considered in view of potential translational research in pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Hungtington’s disease, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Rett syndrome, hearing impairment, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, etc